Jasmin C. Hutchinson *, Todd Sherman **, Lyndsey Davis ***, Dusty Cawthon ***, Nathan B. Reeder *** and Gershon Tenenbaum ****
(*) Springfield College, Springfield, MA. USA
(**) University of Tennessee at Martin, USA
(***) Oxford College of Emory University, Oxford, GA. USA
(****) Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. USA
This study evaluated the influence of asynchronous music on supramaximal exercise performance. Physically active male and female participants (N = 25) completed a Wingate anaerobic test under two different conditions: music and no music. Physiological variables measured were peak power output, mean power output, and rate of fatigue. A scale questionnaire was used immediately after the trial to assess participants’ level of motivation, perceived exertion, and affect. Results indicated that peak power and mean power were significantly higher with music than without. Participants reported increased task motivation and more positive affect in the music condition, but perceived exertion was unaffected. The results of this study suggest that music can have a positive influence over anaerobic performance and can influence certain psychological factors during exercise, even at supramaximal effort levels.
Keywords: Affect, Music, Perceived exertion
Jérémy B.j. Coquart */**, Adam Stevenson *** and Murielle Garcin **
(*) Germon and Gauthier Hospital, Quality Department, Béthune, France
(**) Laboratory of Human Movement Studies, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Lille, Ronchin, France
(***) Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
OBJECTIVES: 1) To confirm that the Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and Estimated Time Limit (ETL) are specifically influenced by expected running length, and 2) to investigate the factors that contribute to this potential response (exercise endpoint anticipation and/or announcement to continue running).Method: Two homogenous groups performed two trials: a test at 90%maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) for 80% Time limit (Tlim) and a test at 90% MAV for 80% Distance limit (Dlim). Although one group received correct feedback concerning the exercise endpoint (90% MAV for 80%Tlim/Dlim), the other group were deceived as they were informed that they would maintain 90%MAV for 60%Tlim/Dlim. RPE and ETL were collected. Results: The expected running length significantly influenced ETL, but only a trend was observable for RPE. This effect does not seem to be linked explicitly with the anticipation of the expected exercise endpoint, or with the deception linked to the announcement to continue running, but rather with a combination of these two parameters. CONCLUSION: This response seems to be linked with a combination of both the exercise endpoint anticipation and the announcement to continue running.
Keywords: Estimated time limit, Instructions, Ratings of perceived exertion, Teleoanticipation
Jennifer R. Hurst *, Amanda Thompson **, Amanda J. Visek ***, Brandyn Fisher **** and Patrick Gaudreau **
(*) Truman State University, USA
(**) University of Ottawa, Canada
(***) The George Washington University, USA
(****) West Virginia University, USA
The aim of this study was to modify the original Coping Inventory for Competitive Sport instrument to explore its factor structure for use as a dispositional coping measure and to determine if the factor structure is comparable across Division I and Division II athletes. A sample of 596 male and female athletes, ranging in age from 18 to 23 years old, were administered the Dispositional Coping Inventory for Competitive Sport. The DCICS assesses an athlete’s typical utilization of 10 coping strategies within the competitive sport environment. Internal reliability for the ten scales varied between .60 and .80. Fit indices for the original 39-item, 10 factor model did not indicate a good fit for the data. However, removal of two items from the distancing scale significantly improved the fit of the data. Therefore, results confirmed a modified 37-item 10 factor model instrument for measuring dispositional coping. Invariance testing indicated between-group factor invariance can be assumed for the DCICS across NCAA Division I and Division II athletes, suggesting the factor structure of the DCICS is comparable across athletes participating in sports at different levels of competition.. Applications of the DCICS and future research directions are discussed.
Keywords: Competitive Sport, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Coping Inventory for Competitive Sport, Dispositional Coping
Clivew. Reeves *, Adam R. Nicholls ** and Jim Mckenna *
(*) Leeds Metropolitan University, UK
(**) University of Hull, UK
This longitudinal study compared stressors, perceived stressor control, coping strategies, and coping effectiveness among early and middle adolescent soccer players, across a competitive season. Fifty academy soccer players completed at least one booklet, of eight daily diaries, across four phases of a season. Diaries included a stressor checklist, a Likert-type scale of perceived stressor control, an open-ended coping response section, and a Likert-type scale of coping effectiveness. The results revealed subtle age differences as stressors such as receiving criticism and injury were much more prominent among the middle adolescents, whereas observing an opponent cheat was more salient among early adolescents. The frequency of stressors also fluctuated across the distinct phases of the season differently for the early and middle adolescents. Middle adolescents reported using more emotion-focused and avoidance coping strategies than early adolescents. Middle adolescents also coped significantly more effective than early adolescents.
Keywords: Adolescent, Chronological age, Longitudinal, Stress
Anne-Line Balduck *, Sophia Jowett ** and Marc Buelens ***
(*) Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
(**) School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
(***) Department of People and Organisation,Vlerick Leuven Ghent Management School, Belgium
The purpose of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q), an instrument that was originally developed and validated for British athletes (Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004), with a sample of Belgian, Dutch speaking athletes. The CART-Q was designed to measure Closeness, Commitment, and Complementarity (3Cs). Study 1 focused on assessing the factorial validity of the 11-item CART-Q with a sample of 401 Belgian, Dutch speaking athletes employing Confirmatory Factory Analysis (CFA). Analysis pointed to a three-dimensional factor structure with satisfactory internal consistency scores. Study 2 cross-validated the factorial structure of the 11- item CART-Q with an independent sample of 400 Belgian, Dutch speaking athletes and examined its predictive validity. The three-dimensional factor structure was upheld with satisfactory internal consistency scores. The predictive validity of the Belgian CART-Q was demonstrated when the 3Cs of the CART-Q were associated with satisfaction variables in a conceptually coherent manner. Overall, results supported the multidimensional nature of the coach-athlete relationship with Belgian athletes, as reflected in the 3Cs.
Keywords: CART-Q, Belgium, Factorial, Predictive validity, Reliability