Nicolas Gillet *, Sophie Berjot **, Robert J. Vallerand ***, Sofiane Amoura ** and Elisabeth Rosnet **
(*) EA 2114 Psychologie des Ages de la Vie, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, France
(**) EA 4298 Laboratoire de Psychologie Appliqué, Laboratorie de Recherche sur le Compartment Social, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
(***) Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Compartment Social, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
In the present research, we adopted a person-centered approach for identifying motivational profiles. Both in junior national fencers (Study 1) and long-distance running athletes (Study 2), cluster analyses showed three motivational profiles: a Low group, a Moderate group, and a High group. In both studies, results also revealed that athletes characterized by the High motivational profile obtained the highest levels of performance. Finally, in Study 2, results revealed that such better performance was achieved at a cost, as athletes in the High group displayed higher levels of emotional and physical exhaustion than those in the Low and Moderate clusters. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Keywords: Cluster analyses, Motivational profiles, Performance, Self-determination theory, Sport
Po-Wen Ku */**, Kenneth R. Fox ***, Li-Jung Chen **** and Pesus Chou **
(*) Graduate Institute of Sports and Health, National Changhua University of Education, Taiwan
(**) Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
(***) Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
(****) Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Physical Education and Sport, Taiwan
This study aimed to explore independent associations between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), work-related, and domestic physical activity (WDPA) and specific parameters of physical activity (frequency, duration and intensity) with cognitive impairment. A total of 2,727 older adults (65+) participating in the 2005 Taiwan National Health Interview Survey were studied. Information on frequency, duration and intensity for each type of LTPA and WDPA was self-reported. Multivariate logistic regression models were undertaken to compute adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for LTPA and WDPA when predicting cognitive impairment assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination. LTPA rather than WDPA was associated with cognitive impairment (p=0.01). Participants expending less energy in LTPA had higher risk (AOR= 1.84, 95%CI: 1.13-2.29). Risk reduction among the three components of LTPA was only associated with duration of activity (p=0.02). Regular engagement in LTPA for at least 30 minutes is associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment.
Keywords: exercise, Cognitive impairment, Dementia, Physical activity
Kyle F. Paradis * and Todd M. Loughead **
(*) The University of Western Ontario,Canada
(**) University of Windsor
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether cohesion served as a mediator between athlete leadership and athlete satisfaction in youth sport. Participants were 205 competitive youth sport athletes ranging from 13-17 years old (Mage = 15.01 years, SD = 1.27). Participants completed the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS; Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980), the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ; Eys, Loughead, Bray, & Carron, 2009), and the Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ; Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998). Structural equation modelling was used to test for mediation. Overall the results indicated that task cohesion mediated the relationships between formal and informal task athlete leadership behaviours and task athlete satisfaction outcomes. Further it was found that social cohesion mediated the relationship between formal and informal social athlete leadership behaviours and social athlete satisfaction outcomes. Findings from the present study augment the group dynamics literature as theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.
Keywords: Cohesion, Leadership, Satisfaction, Youth Sport
Rouwen Cañal-Bruland *, Christoph Kreinbucher ** and Raôul R.d. Oudejans *
(*) MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
(**) Department of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, TU University, Munich, Germany
There is initial evidence to suggest that next to perceptual experience motor experience might also contribute to anticipatory judgements in sports. In the current paper, we further examined this intriguing issue by testing whether motor experience influences ball and strike judgements in baseball. To this end, experienced players, umpires and novices were presented with video-clips of baseball pitches projected on a large screen and were asked to judge whether the observed pitches were strikes or balls. In two blocked conditions, participants either provided their response verbally or they indicated their repsonse motorically by actually swinging (or not swinging) the bat. Our results showed that independent of response mode experienced players were significantly more accurate than novices and also tended to outperform the umpires, indicating that motor experience seems to contribute to perceptual judgements. These differences could not be accounted for by the tendency to favor strike over ball judgements as this tendency seemed to be prevalent in all groups, particularly in the motor response condition when compared to the verbal response condition. We conclude that motor expertise may have beneficial effects on umpiring performance in baseball.
Keywords: Expertise, Action, Perception, Judgements, Umpiring
Weina Liu *, Xuetao Liu *, Liu Ji **, Jack C Watson Ii ***, Chenglin Zhou **** and Jiaxin Yao *
(*) Tianjin University of Sport, Popular Republic of China
(**) East China Normal University, Popular Republic of China
(***) West Virginia University. USA
(****) Shanghai University of Sport, Popular Republic of China
The purpose of this study was to examine the factorial validity and reliability of Chinese versions of the Flow State Scale-2 (CFSS-2) and the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (CDFS-2). Within this study, 948 Chinese undergraduate students completed the 36-item Chinese versions of the CFSS-2 and the CDFS-2. Thirty three items were identified for each instrument. Following these initial analyses, another 1223 participants completed the 33-item revised scales. Results of a series of confirmatory factor analyses from this round of assessment revealed that the data for the CFSS-2 and CDFS-2 were represented appropriately by the hypothesized nine-factor first-order model. For both scales, internal consistency estimates for all factors were satisfactory; and the stability of the CDFS-2 (n=182) over time was medium to high. The findings provide support for the validity and reliability of the CFSS-2 and CDFS-2 in assessing flow in physical activities for Chinese participants.
Keywords: Factorial validity, Reliability