Chinese version of the craving for rest and volitional energy expenditure scale: Confirmatory analysis and gender invariance measurement
Download this article Linxian Zeng *, Garry Kuan *, Ayu Suzailiana Binti Muhamad *, Fang Zhao **, Zhutang Liu * and Yee Cheng Kueh ***
(*) Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
(**) Nanning Normal University, 508 XinNing Rd. WuMing District, NanNing, Guangxi, China.
(***) Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Citation
Zeng, L., Kuan, G., Suzailiana Binti Muhamad, A., Zhao, F., Liu, Z., Cheng Kueh, Y. (2025). Chinese version of the craving for rest and volitional energy expenditure scale: Confirmatory analysis and gender invariance measurement. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 56(2), 89-104. doi:10.7352/IJSP.2025.56.089
Abstract
Purpose: Physical activity and sedentary motivational states may vary over time. The CRAVE scale (Craving for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) is designed to assess transient needs and desires for exercise. This study aimed to conduct confirmatory analysis of the Chinese version of the CRAVE-C scale and measure gender invariance using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Method: This study conducted a cross-sectional survey among three middle schools in Kunming, Yunnan, China. The (CRAVE) scale was translated into Chinese (CRAVE-C) using standard forward-backward translation methods. CFA was used to analyze the data using Mplus8. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (95% CI) within a one-week interval was used to evaluate the test-retest reliability. Results: The results showed that the content validity index (I-CVI) of all items in the Chinese version of the CRAVE-C scale exceeded 0.80, and the content validity was good. A goodness-of-fit analysis was performed to compare the 13-item and 10-item scale models, and the 10-item validation version outperformed the 13-item version. The final model showed satisfactory goodness of fit (CFI=0.992; TLI=0.990; SRMR= 0.022; RMSEA= 0.038 (0.020-0.054), indicating that the 10-item CRAVE-C scale has good validity among high school students in Yunnan, China. The reliability of the CRAVE-C scale was satisfactory, with Cronbach alpha (moving: α= 0.913, resting: α= 0.894), and the internal consistency was good. The ICC of the items in the CRAVE-C scale ranges from 0.729 to 0.928, indicating good test-retest reliability. The results of the invariance analysis for different genders showed that the ΔCFI and ΔTLI values were both less than 0.01, supporting the gender invariance of the CRAVE-C scale among high school students. Conclusion: The CRAVE-C scale demonstrated good reliability and validity. The 10-item CRAVE-C scale is suitable for assessing physical activity and sedentary motivation among Chinese high school students, and measurement invariance was observed across different genders. It is suggested that this scale can be used to measure the “now” need/desire for movement and rest among high school students.
Keywords: CRAVE-C, high school students, Confirmatory factory analysis, physical activity, sedentary behaviour