The article tries to identify the perceptual and decisional factors determining the offside decision in football to developing two main issues.
In the first part we review a number of perceptual phenomena that generate bias in localizing visual objects in space or in the entire coordinate system defining the 2-,3-, and 4- dimensional space (space and time) within which the system collects information that is relevant for the decision.
In the second part we introduce and expand the concept of “noise” in the visual system to develop a model decision based on the integration of a variable number of nosy signals.
In the context of the Offside decision the noisy signals would be the perceptual estimates about the spatial location o defenders and forward players. Then we report methods and results of a pilot experiment in which we use psychophysical techniques to measure sensitivity , bias and subjective confidence and find evidence of two strategies leading to two opposite pattern of dependance on the number of players across the measures performed.
The results obtained siggest the importance of framing the referee’s decisions as perceptual decisions on noisy signals.
If confirmed, similar data and models may lead to the development of fundamental guidelines for the training of the referees aimede to minimize the errors through the use of oètomal strategies

Motor creativity was investigated in 87 Italian 6-8 year-old children (42 girls and 45 boys). The Bertsch test on Motor Creativity (Bertsch 1983) was used . This test assesses motor creativity in four tasks (hoop, ball, bench, and floor). For each task, motor creativity scores were obtained by aggregating scores assigned to children’s observed motor performances on three dimensions (fluency, flexibility, and originality). Overall, results indicated that children displayed greater creativity in tasks that are based on global motor processes (bench and floor) than in tasks that are based on fine manipulation and coordination processes (hoop , and ball). Results also showed that there were age and gender differences in motor creativity in the latter type of tasks. In the ball tasks, boys tended to be more creative than girls, and motor creativity increased significantly with age in both gender groups. In the hoop task, motor creativity vlearly increased with the age among girls, whereas the pattern was opposite among boys. Findings are discussed for their implications on the relations linking motor creativity , motor development, and cultural differences across gender groups.

The AA analyze the impact of interim ranking on the risk of taking and performance behaviour of professional athletes participating to international weightlifting competition. Weightlifting competition are multistage tournements with the unique characteristics that the athletes must announce in advance the amount they intend to lift at each stage., thus allowing quantification of the riskiness of their choice, The AA present two key findings. Firat, risk taking exibits an inverted –U relationship with rank: risk taking increases up to rank six, but athletes then revert to safer strategies towards the bottom of the ranking. Second, athletes systematically underperform when ranked closer to the top, despite higher incentives to perform well. An athlete is more than 30 percent less likely to lift the announced weight ranked first than tenth, Athletes also underperform in relatively more prestigious competitions, when the competition is more intense , and when the potential gain from a successful lift is higher. Taken together, these findings suggest that athletes may systematically “choke under pressure”

In sports the true mastery is not only mere are accuracy, but also a fast, natural and non-exitant performance . In other word: fluent.
Although there is a scientific evidence of importance of the fluency for the academic learning ( Binder 2003; Kubina 2000; Kubina, Haertel and Cooper 2000; Kostezick, Kubina & Cooper, 1994) , there are only few studies concerned fluency and the sport performance (Blinder 1996,2002) This work study, in basketball, the differences between mastery evaluation procedure based accuracy and fluency.
The research, a preliminary investigation of the relationship between fluency, application and endurance for dribbling, examines the effects of different level of frequency in a basketball component skill (dribbling with right hand) on two basketball composite skills ( look up while dribbling and hands change dribbling) in different intervals of time ( 5 sec. 10 sec, and 60 sec)